The world of European states in the early 20th century was partly still within the limits of the Congress of Vienna of 1815, but partly it had also undergone radical changes. These were most serious in the southeast of the continent.
EUROPE 1914
The largest European state structure on the eve of the First World War was Austria-Hungary, a multi-ethnic state that united Austrians, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Romanians and Italians. The Danube Monarchy was a personal and real union of the Austrian imperial and the Hungarian kingdom.
Italy was almost as young a state as the German Reich proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles in 1871. In 1861 Victor Emanuel II had accepted the title of King of Italy, although it was not undisputed and Rome was still ruled by France under Napoleon III. was occupied. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870 offered the opportunity to conquer Rome and make it the capital.
Poland was completely divided between Prussia, Austria-Hungary and Russia during the third partition of Poland in 1795 and has since disappeared from the map as an independent state. After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, it was united as “Congress Poland” in personal union with Russia. The Grand Duchy of Finland, which has belonged to Russia since 1809, enjoyed partial autonomy in the 19th century. Their temporary elimination by Tsar Alexander III. in 1899 was revoked six years later by Tsar Nicholas II.
Iceland, which has belonged to Denmark since the 14th century, also gained partial autonomy in the second half of the 19th century.
Spain had seen decades of continuous unrest and political power struggles since its occupation by Napoleonic troops. Only with the constitution of 1876 did the domestic political situation stabilize again. However, the once most important colonial power in the world had to accept the loss of almost all non-European possessions at the end of the 19th century; most fell to the USA after armed conflict. For more information about the continent of Europe, please check ehealthfacts.org.
Yet a new crisis now appeared to threaten the building of Louis XI. Although he had not arranged for a regency, a de facto regency was assumed by his daughter, Anna, and by her husband Peter of Beaujeu; but the party of princes immediately arose against the Beaujeu, headed by Louis, Duke of Orleans and […]
Terrestrial domain. – First of all, the mountainous regions must be distinguished: the Alps, the Jura and the Vosges, the Pyrenees and also the Cévennes and the Massif Central, which possess a large number of their own species, some of which represent glacial remains, while others are endemic to the mountain: bear, marmot, chamois, ibex, […]
Like the flora, the French fauna has been profoundly modified by recent climate changes. In the Mousterian-Aurignacian era (last phase of the glacial period) large herds of mammoths, long-haired rhinos, horses, the musk ox, the Bos primigenius, the bison, the ibex (Capra ibex), the chamois (Rupicapra) lived), the marmot, the bear, the lion, the cave […]
Under Prime Minister K. Karamanlis (July 1974 – May 1980) Greece returned to the parliamentary-democratic system. In a referendum (December 1974), the population spoke out in favor of maintaining the republican form of government. In June 1975 a new constitution came into force. State presidents 1975–80 were Konstantin Tsatsos (* 1899, † 1987) and 1980–85 […]
What are the reasons why the Tour de France captivates so many people year after year, despite the many scandals and doping problems? The Tour de France takes place in July. This month the school holidays start in France and many other European countries. Many professionals take vacation and have time to come to the […]
National Archaeological Museum of Athens The National Archaeological Museum of Athens is located in the Greek capital and has existed since the 1860s. It is primarily dedicated to Greek antiquity. The complex, which was renovated in 2009 and expanded by 24,000 square meters, houses the most important works of art and everyday objects of this […]
In our offer you will find, for example, study trips to Estonia by the Northern Europe specialist TUI Wolters and by Gebeco, one of the most experienced study trip organizers worldwide. On such a round trip you will experience the Baltic cities, the diverse culture and the incomparable nature of the country. You visit the […]
According to andyeducation, Denmark comprises the Jutland peninsula (Jylland) and some 400 islands, 82 of which are uninhabited. The two largest are Funen (Fyn) and Zealand (Sjælland). Between the 8th and 11th centuries, the Danes were known as Vikings. Together with the Norwegians and Swedes they colonized, plundered, and traded across much of Europe. Today’s Danes are proud of their country as a model of the welfare state, […]
Northern Ireland, which compared to the Republic of Ireland by more industry, is still a worthwhile holiday destination for tourists. This is mainly due to the original nature; special highlight Northern Ireland ‘s Giant’s Causeway is on the north coast – a natural monument of a special kind. Here you will find around 40,000 evenly […]
Milan in Italy Milan means in German translated level in the middle. It is the second largest city in Italy, The capital of the province of Milan and the region of Lombardy . Around 7.5 million people live in the entire region of Milan. Milan is often called cosmopolitan city and metropolitan area. This is […]
Costa Brava in Spain Costa Brava is a natural beauty, a landscape that enchants. No wonder the Costa Brava is popular among tourists and vacationers is very popular. Incidentally, Costa Brava in Spanish means nothing more than “wild coast”, which hits the nail on the head. The splendid coastal strips of the Mediterranean are a […]
Bergen (Norway) The Norwegian city – Bergen is the second largest city in the country and has a population of around a quarter of a million. The city is located on the Inner Byfjord on the west coast of Norway and is the starting point for the Bergen Railway and the Hurtigrutten. There is a […]
Yearbook 2006 Denmark. The Muslim protests against Jyllands-Posten’s caricature of the Prophet Muhammad, published in 2005, developed at the beginning of the year into a serious political crisis for Denmark. Before New Year, a group of Danish imams had traveled to a number of Muslim countries to create opinion against the cartoons. The result was […]
Yearbook 2006 Norway is a member of UN. At the beginning of the year, it was announced that a very promising oil discovery was made in the Goliath field in the Barents Sea, where hundreds of billions of barrels of oil could be found. The Norwegian environmental movement was against a recovery in the area. […]
Attractions in Pisa Pisa has one of the world’s most talked about and admired attractions, The Leaning Tower. But there are plenty of other great things to see in Pisa and many of them are in the wonderful Campo dei Miracoli square (see photo). Here you get an overview of the best the city has […]
Ljubljana is a small and charming weekend destination. The immediate atmosphere of Ljubljana takes you with it. Ljubljana is a small and sympathetic treasure, still unknown to many, waiting to be discovered. For this city, you may lose your heart right out of the box. The name of the city almost corresponds to the Slovenian […]
The unique Naples is a hot cultural destination in summer. Historic Naples holds a huge amount to experience for both the active holidaymaker and the gourmet. The chaotic city shares opinions among tourists. In Naples, southern Italy, it is easy to combine a city and a beach holiday. The personal city offers the traveler culture, […]
40.1% of the territory is covered by a dense forest mantle which on the lower slopes of the mountains has beech and oak woods, while at higher altitudes there are conifers (especially firs).). On the lowlands the vegetation is rather sparse and has steppe-like characteristics. Despite deforestation and increased pollution, bears, wolves, lynxes, chamois, otters, […]
The Bialowiezer Heide National Park is a cross-border World Heritage Site in Poland and Belarus. It is considered to be the last primeval lowland forest in Europe, with swamps and moors, almost untouched deciduous and mixed forests and diverse fauna. Visit behealthybytomorrow.com for Belarus as a tourist country. Bialowiezer Heide National Park: facts Official title: Bialowiezer […]
In Budapest the history of cinema begins early: the first film screenings begin in 1896 and in the first two decades of the twentieth century. there is a particularly intense production, capable of making over 100 films a year. Among the pioneers of Hungarian cinema, in the 1910s, S. Korda (the future producer Alexander) and […]
The underground grave complex from the Neolithic age extends over three floors and has numerous burial chambers, passages and corridors as well as cult rooms. The catacombs illustrate the long history of settlement on the island and the high culture of the residents. Hal Saflieni’s Hypogeum: Facts Official title: Hypogeum (underground cult space) by Hal […]
Parks Beguinage This little-known park is located next to the university. A small church, a small pond and the winding grounds of the park ensure restful tranquility in the middle of the city of Antwerp, Belgium according to constructmaterials. Rodestraat 39 Botanical Garden The origins of the Botanical Garden go back to the Middle Ages. […]
Anklam – Gate to Usedom Immediately in the unspoilt Peene glacial valley and in the eastern part of Western Pomerania is Anklam, the hometown of Otto Lilienthal, the pioneer of aircraft development. The small district town of the Ostvorpommern district is surrounded by numerous nature reserves and flowed through by the Peene, which flows into […]
Yearbook 2006 Switzerland. In May, Switzerland was shaken by the murder of former downhill star Corinne Rey-Bellet, who was shot dead in her parents’ home by her husband. According to CountryAAH, major public holidays in Switzerland include Independence Day (August 1) and New Year (January 1). Rey-Bellet’s brother was also killed and their mother was […]
Yearbook 2006 Spain. The terrorist-stamped Basque separatist movement ETA announced in March a unilateral and permanent ceasefire. ETA had on several occasions previously temporarily ceased its violent actions, but never before talked about putting down its weapons for good. The armed struggle for an independent Basque country had been waged for nearly four decades. The […]
Yearbook 2006 Russian Federation. The year began with Russian Gazprom’s demand for higher gas prices for several neighboring countries. As early as the year before, the Russian Federation had made it clear that the heavily subsidized gas prices would only apply to members of the CIS (Independent States Commonwealth) who worked closely with the Russian […]
Yearbook 2006 Portugal. According to CountryAAH, major public holidays in Portugal include Independence Day (December 1) and New Year (January 1). Portugal got a new president in January when Aníbal Cavaco Silva, candidate for the bourgeois, opposition Social Democratic Party, overcame five left-wing candidates already in the first round of the presidential election. Cavaco Silva, […]
Yearbook 2006 Montenegro. According to CountryAAH, major public holidays in Montenegro include Independence Day (May 21) and New Year (January 1). Montenegro resurfaced during the year as an independent nation after 88 years as the first Serbian province, then the Yugoslav Republic and finally as part of the loose union of Serbia and Montenegro. The […]
According to CountryAAH, Kosova Albanians are descendants of the Dardans who were part of the Illyrians who inhabited the Balkans long before the invasion of slaves in the 6th century and Ottomans in the 14th century. In 1878, Albanians from all regions held a national council in Prizren. The Prizren League calls for the unification […]
Yearbook 2006 Italy. In January, the country’s government announced that the entire Italian force in Iraq would be taken home before the end of the year. Of the nearly 3,000 soldiers, 300 would be taken home the same month, while another 1,000 would be withdrawn in June. The rest of Italy’s military contribution to the […]
Yearbook 2006 Iceland. In the local elections in May, the ruling Progress Party suffered great losses. As a result of the election results, Halldór Ásgrímsson resigned as party leader and also as prime minister. He was succeeded as head of government by the then Foreign Minister Geir Haarde, leader of the larger coalition partner Independence […]
Yearbook 2006 France. According to CountryAAH, major public holidays in France include Independence Day (July 14) and New Year (January 1). Extensive protests broke out in the spring against a new law on youth jobs. The law meant that employers were given the right to dismiss young people under 26 without justification during a two-year […]
Yearbook 2006 Bosnia and Herzegovina. More than ten years after the Dayton Agreement, an election was held that was considered historic – for the first time, the Bosnians appointed a government that would govern the country without international intervention. During the electoral movement, however, it became clear that major differences existed in the visions of […]
Yearbook 2006 Australia is a country located in Oceania. The former state-owned, now privately owned Australian Wheat Agency, AWB, paid bribes to the Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq to secure wheat exports to the country under the UN Oil for Food Program 1996-2003. Evidence of this was presented by a commission appointed by the government […]
Yearbook 2006 Albania. In June, the country signed a Stabilization and Association Agreement with the EU, the first formal step towards EU membership. EU Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn commended Albania for the progress made in the fight against organized crime. At the same time, he noted that extensive reform work remains before membership becomes relevant. […]
The business The ILO has adopted hundreds of conventions and recommendations that regulate issues related to the labor market and social welfare. They have similar content but the conventions are legally binding, while the recommendations often contain more detailed regulations. Many of the conventions are concrete applications of principles enshrined in the UN Declaration of […]
The World Bank was founded in 1944 with the aim of reducing world poverty through monetary lending to development projects and the provision of technical support to developing countries. Abbreviated as WB by Abbreviationfinder, the World Bank has set ambitious goals to drive extreme poverty to no more than three percent by 2030, as well […]
Yearbook 2006 European Union. Here are some of the events and decisions within the EU that got the attention in 2006. Alcohol. The Swedish ban on private imports of alcohol by ordering on the Internet should be allowed to continue. The prohibition is in accordance with EU rules on national trade monopoly and the free […]
The landforms in Europe are shaped by younger crustal movements, especially tertiary, of the ice age history and of the bedrock. Mountain Ranges Elevated mountain range areas, Caledonian, Hercynian and Tertiary, often form highlands or mountainous areas, while flat or slightly undulating layers of loose material, deposited by glaciers and rivers, form the lowlands. The […]
England is part of the United Kingdom whose government is based in the English capital, London. In contrast to Scotland and Wales, England has no state parliament and no state government; the UK Parliament and Government perform these tasks. MEPs from the other member countries of the United Kingdom generally abstain on matters that are […]
Public holidays In Great Britain and thus also in Wales, there are the so-called “Bank Holidays”, which were first introduced in 1871 by the “Bank Holidays Act”. In general, today’s Bank Holidays are set for New Year’s Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, May Day, the last Monday in May, the last Monday in August and […]
The death of head of state and party leader Tito in 1980 coincided with the beginning of the decade in which the systemic crisis of Yugoslav socialism was to become increasingly evident. The entanglement of the social, economic and political crisis manifested itself centrally in the situation in Kosovo and its status. In 1981 riots […]
In the northern parts of Menorca in the region of Es Mercadal, there is a cute little town for tourists called Arenal d’en Castell. It is a place that has a larger number of holiday homes and villas but also a smaller number of hotels for travelers from long-distance destinations. The small town has a […]
Beaches in Bulgaria During your vacation in Bulgaria you can look forward to the Black Sea coast . It stretches for almost 380 kilometers and has the most beautiful bathing resorts there. Sunny Beach and Golden Sands are the most famous beaches in Bulgaria. The Sunny Beach covers the southern Black Sea coast near Burgas. […]
Yearbook 2006 Lithuania. The hospitality between Russia and Ukraine at the beginning of the year prompted the Baltic States to emphasize the importance of energy security with independence from Russia. Lithuania agreed with Latvia and Estonia to plan for the construction of a new nuclear reactor in Ignalina, since the oldest Chernobyl-type reactor has been […]
Yearbook 2006 Aland. The Åland shipping company Birka Line, which made big losses in the previous year, sold in February the cruise ship Birka Princess to traffic outside the Baltic Sea. As a result, 250 employees were laid off. After a long battle against the EU ban on the sale of snuff on Åland-registered vessels, […]
Yearbook 2006 Andorra. Andorra received documentless asylum seekers in July for the first time. According to CountryAAH, major public holidays in Andorra include Independence Day (September 8) and New Year (January 1). It involved five Eritreans from a group of boat refugees rescued by a Spanish fishing boat off Malta. After a week when nobody […]
Yearbook 2006 Austria. The fate of 18-year-old Natascha Kampusch shook the Vienna suburb of Strasshof in August, and her history echoed worldwide. Kampusch, as a 10-year-old, had been abducted on his way to school and had disappeared ever since. It turned out that she had been held captive by a man, Wolfgang Priklopil, who mostly […]
Yearbook 2006 Belarus. Before the March presidential election, President Aljaksandr Lukashenka’s regime showed that no opposition was tolerated. Regime critics Michail Statkevich and Pavel Sevjarynets were both sentenced to three years in prison for participating in a previous demonstration against Lukashenka’s plans to extend his presidency for another term. One of the opposition’s presidential candidates, […]
Yearbook 2006 Belgium. The strong xenophobic forces in Flanders reminded themselves during the year. through several notable violent crimes. In May, a right-wing extremist shot dead a 24-year-old African child girl and a two-year-old, whom she was caring for, in a park in Antwerp. According to CountryAAH, major public holidays in Belgium include Independence Day […]